超声引导下单次竖脊肌平面阻滞对单侧乳腺癌根治术后患者恢复的影响

目的探讨超声引导下单次竖脊肌平面(ESP)阻滞对单侧乳腺癌根治术后患者恢复的影响。方法依据随机数字表法将60例行单侧乳腺癌根治术的女性乳腺癌患者分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。麻醉诱导前两组患者均采用超声引导下患侧ESP阻滞,观察组患者给予0.5%盐酸罗哌卡因20 ml,对照组患者给予等量的生理盐水。两组患者均采用全凭静脉麻醉进行诱导和维持,术中采用喉罩通气,术后采用静脉自控镇痛。比较两组患者术后苏醒即刻及术后2、6、12、24、48 h的视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分,比较两组患者术后镇痛泵按压次数、镇痛药吗啡的用量及术后并发症发生情况。结果术后苏醒即刻及术后2、6、12、24、48 h,观察组患者的VAS评分均明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01)。观察组患者术后镇痛泵按压次数和吗啡用量均明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01)。观察组患者术后恶心呕吐和皮肤瘙痒的发生率均低于对照组(P﹤0.05)。结论超声引导下单次ESP阻滞可以缓解单侧乳腺癌根治术后患者的急性疼痛,降低术后相关并发症发生率,促进患者术后恢复。     

Sternalis muscle,what every anatomist and clinician should know

The sternalis muscle is a well documented but rare muscular variation of the anterior thoracic wall. It lies between the superficial fascia and the pectoral fascia and is found in about 8% of the population. It presents in several morphological variants both unilaterally and bilaterally and has no apparent physiological function. There is still much disagreement about its nerve supply and embryological origin. With the advent of medical imaging and thoracic surgery the clinical importance of this muscle has been re‐emphasized. It has been implicated in misdiagnosis of breast masses on routine mammograms owing to its parasternal location and relative unfamiliarity among radiologists. When undetected before any thoracic surgery, it has the potential to interfere with and prolong such procedures. When present and detected preoperatively it can be used as a muscular flap in reconstructive surgeries of the breast and neck. This article will present the sternalis muscle with special emphasis on its morphology, homology, and clinical significance. Clin. Anat. 27:866–884, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Do Changes in Transversus Abdominis and Lumbar Multifidus During Conservative Treatment Explain Changes in Clinical Outcomes Related to Nonspecific Low Back Pain? A Systematic Review

Previous research describes an inconsistent relation between temporal changes in transversus abdominis or lumbar multifidus and temporal changes in clinical outcomes. Unfortunately, a relevant systematic review is unavailable. As a result, this systematic review was designed to summarize evidence regarding the association between temporal changes in muscle morphometry and activity in response to treatment, and temporal changes in clinical outcomes. Candidate publications were identified from 6 electronic databases. Fifteen articles were included after scrutinization by 2 reviewers using predetermined selection criteria. The methodological quality of these articles was appraised using a standard tool. These methods revealed strong evidence that temporal alterations in transversus abdominis thickness change during contraction (as measured by B-mode or M-mode ultrasound) or feedforward activation of transversus abdominis (assessed via electromyography, tissue Doppler imaging, or M-mode ultrasound) were unrelated to temporal changes in low back pain (LBP)/LBP-related disability. There was limited evidence that temporal changes in transversus abdominis lateral sliding or lumbar multifidus endurance were unrelated to temporal changes in LBP intensity. Conflicting evidence was found for the relation between temporal changes in lumbar multifidus morphometry and temporal changes in LBP/LBP-related disability. This review highlights that temporal changes in transversus abdominis features tend to be unrelated to the corresponding LBP/LBP-related disability improvements, whereas the relation between multifidus changes and clinical improvements remains uncertain.PerspectiveThis systematic review highlighted that changes in morphometry or activation of transversus abdominis following conservative treatments tend not to be associated with the corresponding changes in clinical outcomes. The relation between posttreatment changes in characteristics of lumbar multifidus and clinical improvements remains uncertain.     

Prognostic Implications of Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion in Patients with Hypertension and a Clinical Indication for Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Multicenter Study

ObjectivesThis study sought to evaluate the prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)-derived mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) in a large multicenter population of patients with hypertension.BackgroundIn patients with hypertension, cardiac abnormalities are powerful predictors of adverse outcomes. Long-axis mitral annular movement plays a fundamental role in cardiac mechanics and is an early marker for a number of pathological processes. Given the adverse consequences of cardiac involvement in hypertension, the authors hypothesized that lateral MAPSE may provide incremental prognostic information in these patients.MethodsConsecutive patients with hypertension and a clinical indication for CMR at 4 U.S. medical centers were included in this study (n = 1,735). Lateral MAPSE was measured in the 4-chamber cine view. The primary endpoint was all-cause death. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to examine the association between lateral MAPSE and death. The incremental prognostic value of lateral MAPSE was assessed in nested models.ResultsOver a median follow-up period of 5.1 years, 235 patients died. By Kaplan-Meier analysis, risk of death was significantly higher in patients with a lateral MAPSE < median (10 mm) (log-rank; p < 0.0001). Lateral MAPSE was associated with risk of death after adjustment for clinical and imaging risk factors (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.402-per-millimeter decrease; p < 0.001). Addition of lateral MAPSE in this model resulted in significant improvement in the C-statistic (0.735 to 0.815; p < 0.0001). Continuous net reclassification improvement was 0.739 (95% confidence interval: 0.601 to 0.902). Lateral MAPSE remained significantly associated with death even after adjustment for feature tracking global longitudinal strain (HR: 1.192-per-millimeter decrease; p < 0.001). Lateral MAPSE was independently associated with death among the subgroups of patients with preserved ejection fraction (HR = 1.339; p < 0.001) and in those without history of myocardial infarction (HR: 1.390; p < 0.001).ConclusionsCMR-derived lateral MAPSE is a powerful, independent predictor of mortality in patients with hypertension and a clinical indication for CMR, incremental to common clinical and CMR risk factors. These findings may suggest a role for CMR-derived lateral MAPSE in identifying hypertensive patients at highest risk of death.     

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??Canted occlusal plane is the main feature of mandibular deviation. The causes of occlusal plane canting are very complicated and inconclusive. A large number of studies have shown that it is related to bite force??bite contact area??chewing movement and even head or neck position. CBCT is the best diagnostic method for assessing occlusal plane canting at present. Canted occlusal plane and mandibular deviation are mainly ipsilateral??and a small number reveals contralateral. It can also have adverse effects on temporomandibular joint and mastication??and it has been difficult to be corrected with non-surgical methods. Based on the existing literature??we summarized the canted occlusal plane features??adverse effects and the commonly used non-surgical treatment methods.     

Energy dissipation differs between females with and without chronic ankle instability

Chronic ankle instability (CAI ) is associated with altered energy dissipation patterns, but comparisons to lateral ankle sprain (LAS ) copers have not been explored. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in relative sagittal plane energy dissipation during a single‐leg landing between female CAI and LAS coper participants. We separated 33 females (23.6 ± 4.6 years, 164.3 ± 6.2 cm, 69.4 ± 13.7 kg) into CAI (n = 17) and LAS coper (n = 16) groups. Participants completed 5 single‐leg landings followed by a 5‐second stabilization. We collected sagittal plane kinematics and joint moments at the ankle, knee, hip, and proximal joints (knee and hip) combined then calculated each joint's energy dissipation at 50, 100, 150, and 200 ms post‐landing. We compared the percentage of total energy dissipated by the ankle, knee, hip, and proximal joints during each interval utilizing independent t tests and Cohen's d effect sizes. Statistical significance was set a priori at P  < .05. The CAI group had lower relative energy dissipation from the ankle at 50 (24.7 ± 11.5% vs 39.2 ± 11.8%, P  < .01, d  =  1.25 [0.47, 1.95]), 100 (66.9 ± 19.4% vs 77.7 ± 6.5%, P  = .04, d  =  0.74 [0.01, 1.42]), and 150 ms (70.7 ± 17.8% vs 81.0 ± 5.7%, P  = .03, d  =  0.77 [0.04, 1.46]) compared to LAS copers. The CAI group had a greater hip contribution through 150 ms (17.9 ± 10.7% vs 11.7 ± 4.4%, P  = .04, d  =‐0.75 [‐1.44, ‐0.03]) and the proximal joints at 50 (75.3 ± 11.5% vs 60.8 ± 11.8%, P  < .01, d  =  ‐1.25 [‐1.96, ‐0.47]), 100 (33.1 ± 19.4% vs 22.3 ± 6.5%, P  = .04, d  =  ‐0.74 [‐1.42, ‐0.01]), and 150 ms (29.3 ± 17.8 vs 19.0 ± 5.7%, P  = .03, d  =‐0.77 [‐1.46, ‐0.04]) compared to LAS copers. Females with CAI may benefit from therapeutic exercises designed to correct a single‐leg energy dissipation strategy that relies less on the ankle joint.     

Accuracy of two midsagittal planes in three-dimensional analysis and their measurement in patients with skeletal mandibular deviation: a comparative study

Our aim was to evaluate the accuracy of two midsagittal planes (MSP) to provide a better reference plane for studying the 3-dimensional structural symmetry in patients with skeletal mandibular deviation. Thirty adult patients with facial asymmetry were admitted to the Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, between January 2015 and 2017. The DICOM data were collected and reconstructed using ProPlan CMF^® 2.0 (Materialise). Two sets of reference planes were set up. In the orbital margin plane group, the plane crossing the nasion (N) point and perpendicular to the frontozygomatic (FZ) suture line was used as the MSP. In the skull base plane group, the MSP was established using the sella turcica (S), N, and basion (Ba). The distances from the craniofacial skeletal and soft tissue midline landmarks to the two MSP were separately measured, and the significance of differences between measurements corresponding to two reference planes were assessed using the paired t test. Except for the posterior nasal spine (PNS)-MSP, the distances from other soft and hard tissue landmarks to the MSP in the orbital margin plane group were significantly shorter than those in the skull base plane group. In the 3-dimensional measurement analysis, the skeletal and soft tissue anatomical midline landmarks were closer to the MSP in the orbital margin plane group. The MSP crossing point N, perpendicular to the FZ suture line, was more accurate and suitable.